100 words to know before reading A Princess of Mars

1. A short introduction to a book, typically written by someone other than the author.
2. A preliminary section explaining the purpose or context of the work.

Foreword To the Reader of this Work: In submitting Captain Carter’s strange manuscript to you in book

1. A handwritten or typed document, especially an author's original text before publication.
2. An ancient or historical document written by hand.

Foreword To the Reader of this Work: In submitting Captain Carter’s strange manuscript to you in book form, I believe that a few words relative to this remarkable personality will be

1. Worthy of attention; striking or unusual.
2. Exceptionally good or impressive.

strange manuscript to you in book form, I believe that a few words relative to this remarkable personality will be of interest. My first recollection of Captain Carter is of the few months he

1. Elegant and refined behavior, especially in a formal setting.
2. Politeness and grace characteristic of royal or noble courts.

and loyal character, filled with fire and initiative. His manners were perfect, and his courtliness was that of a typical southern gentleman of the highest type. His horsemanship, especially after

1. A steep cliff or bank, often by a river or sea.
2. To deceive or mislead someone by pretending.

Virginia at that time. Captain Carter had a small but beautiful cottage, situated on a bluff overlooking the river, and during one of my last visits, in the winter of 1885, I observed he was

1. The number equivalent to four times ten (40).
2. A term used to describe a quantity or age.

and there upon me, not ten feet from my breast, was the point of that huge spear, a spear forty feet long, tipped with gleaming metal, and held low at the side of a mounted replica of the

1. A factual written account of events in order of time.
2. To record events in a detailed and continuous manner.

the suggestions which I gained upon Mars, and the knowledge which I can set down in this chronicle, will aid in an earlier understanding of the mysteries of our sister planet; mysteries to you,

1. In a natural or raw state; not processed or refined.
2. Lacking tact or sophistication; blunt or offensive.

over a million dollars worth of ore in a trifle over three months. As our equipment was crude in the extreme we decided that one of us must return to civilization, purchase the necessary

1. A flat, elevated area of land with steep sides.
2. A period of little or no change after a time of growth or progress.

or more without hearing further sounds, when the trail suddenly debouched onto a small, open plateau near the summit of the pass. I had passed through a narrow, overhanging gorge just before

1. A group of culturally related Native American tribes in the southwestern United States.
2. A French term for violent criminals or hoodlums, originating from the name of the Native American tribe.

and always at the same rate of speed as his. I was positive now that the trailers were Apaches and that they wished to capture Powell alive for the fiendish pleasure of the torture, so I urged

1. Handguns with a rotating cylinder holding multiple bullets.
2. People or things that revolve or rotate.

Finally I could endure the suspense no longer, and, arming myself with my two Colt revolvers and a carbine, I strapped two belts of cartridges about me and catching my saddle horse, started

1. A seat for a rider on a horse or bicycle.
2. A cut of meat including part of the backbone.

reason, I could not bring myself to touch. My carbine was in its boot, strapped to my saddle, and as my horse had wandered off I was left without means of defense. My only alternative seemed

1. The highest point of a hill or mountain.
2. A meeting or conference of high-level leaders.

brilliantly colored and strangely formed wild flowers dotted the ravines and from the summit of the first hill I saw still other hills stretching off toward the north, and rising, one range

1. Curses or swear words expressing anger or condemnation.
2. The act of invoking evil or harm upon someone.

arrows, and rifle balls. The fact that it is difficult to aim anything but imprecations accurately by moonlight, that they were upset by the sudden and unexpected manner of my advent,

1. Weak or flimsy in quality or substance.
2. Lacking a strong basis; not solid or substantial.

then, for the first time, that I noticed a slight vapor filling the cave. It was extremely tenuous and only noticeable against the opening which led to daylight. There also came to my nostrils a

1. The two external openings of the nose that allow air to enter and exit the respiratory system.
2. The paired cavities in the nose that filter, warm, and humidify inhaled air.

and only noticeable against the opening which led to daylight. There also came to my nostrils a faintly pungent odor, and I could only assume that I had been overcome by some poisonous gas,

1. A narrow horizontal surface projecting from a wall or cliff.
2. A ridge or shelf of rock.

finally gave up my crude endeavors at resuscitation. Leaving Powell’s body where it lay on the ledge I crept into the cave to reconnoiter. I found a large chamber, possibly a hundred feet in

1. Lacking strength or clarity; barely perceptible.
2. A sudden loss of consciousness.

the red rascals before they attacked him. Further speculation was suddenly cut short by the faint report of two shots far ahead of me. I knew that Powell would need me now if ever, and I

1. A low, prolonged sound expressing physical or emotional suffering.
2. A complaint or grumble, often made in a subdued manner.

hands, but as I reached to take her in my arms she drew back with a shudder and a little moan of misery. “Too late, too late,” she grieved. “O my chieftain that was, and whom I thought dead,

1. Making a soft, muffled sound like leaves or paper moving.
2. Stealing livestock (especially cattle).

alternative seemed to lie in flight and my decision was crystallized by a recurrence of the rustling sound from the thing which now seemed, in the darkness of the cave and to my distorted

1. Plural of cactus, a spiny, succulent plant adapted to arid climates.
2. Any plant belonging to the family Cactaceae, known for water-storing stems.

As I did so I saw stretching far below me the beautiful vista of rocky gorge, and level, cacti-studded flat, wrought by the moonlight into a miracle of soft splendor and wondrous enchantment.

1. A magical spell or charm that captivates or delights.
2. The state of being under a magical influence.

flat, wrought by the moonlight into a miracle of soft splendor and wondrous enchantment. Few western wonders are more inspiring than the beauties of an Arizona moonlit landscape; the

1. Looked steadily and intently, often with admiration or curiosity.
2. Stared fixedly for a long time, sometimes absentmindedly.

the sill I pulled myself up to a sitting posture without looking into the building, and gazed down at the baffled animal beneath me. My exultation was short-lived, however, for scarcely had I

1. A small, non-vascular plant that grows in dense clumps in damp or shady locations.
2. A green or brown plant that forms soft carpets on surfaces like rocks, trees, or soil.

feet from my pursuers and on the opposite side of the enclosure. I alighted upon the soft moss easily and without mishap, and turning saw my enemies lined up along the further wall. Some were

1. Relating to the planet Mars.
2. A hypothetical inhabitant of Mars.

I gave a very earthly and at the same time superhuman leap to reach the top of the Martian incubator, for such I had determined it must be. My effort was crowned with a success which

1. Arms and legs of a human or animal.
2. Large branches of a tree.

pounds. He sat his mount as we sit a horse, grasping the animal’s barrel with his lower limbs, while the hands of his two right arms held his immense spear low at the side of his mount; his

1. Inhabitants or beings from the planet Mars.
2. Fictional extraterrestrials often depicted in science fiction.

later, the thing which weighed most in my favor was my exhibition of hurdling. While the Martians are immense, their bones are very large and they are muscled only in proportion to the

1. Used as a reflexive pronoun to refer to a group previously mentioned.
2. Used for emphasis to refer to a group previously mentioned.

discovered marked extreme astonishment, and the others were evidently satisfying themselves that I had not molested their young. They were conversing together in low tones, and

1. Not carrying or using weapons.
2. Without physical means of defense.

toward me. Their discovery that I had not harmed the little Martians, and that I was unarmed, must have caused them to look upon me with less ferocity; but, as I was to learn later, the

1. A public square or marketplace in a city or town.
2. A shopping center or complex with stores and businesses.

having been tenanted for years, possibly for ages. Toward the center of the city was a large plaza, and upon this and in the buildings immediately surrounding it were camped some nine or ten

1. Decorative objects used to enhance beauty.
2. Items added to embellish or adorn something.

I hung on as best I could by the belts and straps which held the Martian’s weapons and ornaments. The entire cavalcade then turned and galloped away toward the range of hills in the distance.

1. A point of access or entry, such as a door or gate.
2. The act of entering or coming in.

feet in width and projected from the building proper to form a huge canopy above the entrance hall. There was no stairway, but a gentle incline to the first floor of the building opened into

1. The flat, flexible part of the foot between the toes and ankle (anatomy).
2. A small bone in the ankle or foot (zoology).

out their introduction with some other of their various weapons. My captor, whose name was Tars Tarkas, was virtually the vice-chieftain of the community, and a man of great ability as a

1. Alone (Latin origin, feminine singular form).
2. A type of plant (genus Solanum).

me, shortly afterwards adding another to my covering. I presumed that my watchful guardian was Sola, nor was I wrong. This girl alone, among all the green Martians with whom I came in contact,

1. A person who is cruel, violent, or insensitive.
2. An animal lacking intelligence or reasoning.

the technique; yet nowhere was there a representation of a living animal, either human or brute, by which I could guess at the likeness of these other and perhaps extinct denizens of Mars.

1. Spoke quietly or indistinctly, often in a grumbling or complaining tone.
2. Expressed something in a low or suppressed voice.

V I Elude My Watch Dog Sola stared into the brute’s wicked-looking eyes, muttered a word or two of command, pointed to me, and left the chamber. I could not but wonder what this

1. Extremely fierce or violent.
2. Intensely aggressive or brutal.

with one’s back toward some horrible and unknown danger from the very sound of which the ferocious Apache warriors turn in wild stampede, as a flock of sheep would madly flee from a pack of

1. A person or animal confined or imprisoned.
2. Unable to escape or leave a situation.

VIII A Fair Captive from the Sky The third day after the incubator ceremony we set forth toward home, but scarcely

1. Fine, soft fabric made from silk fibers.
2. The colorful jockey uniforms worn in horse racing.

in number, were all females, and they were still sleeping, piled high with a motley array of silks and furs. Across the threshold lay stretched the sleepless guardian brute, just as I had last

1. A horizontal piece at the base of a window or door frame.
2. A ledge of rock, especially one formed by erosion.

advantage of my relatively great strength and agility and sprang upward until I grasped the sill of a second-story window which I thought to be in the rear of her apartment. Drawing myself

1. A short, thick stick used as a weapon.
2. To beat or strike with a cudgel.

Altogether they were not unlovely when viewed in comparison with the green Martians. The cudgel was swinging in the arc which ended upon my upturned face when a bolt of myriad-legged horror

1. A large primate without a tail, such as a gorilla or chimpanzee.
2. To imitate or copy someone's behavior or mannerisms.

expected the former to fall limp at the end of a broken neck. In accomplishing this the ape was tearing away the entire front of its breast, which was held in the vise-like grip of the

1. Extreme fierceness or intensity.
2. Savage or violent behavior.

little Martians, and that I was unarmed, must have caused them to look upon me with less ferocity; but, as I was to learn later, the thing which weighed most in my favor was my exhibition of

1. Ancient two-wheeled vehicles pulled by horses, used in warfare and racing.
2. Symbolic representations of power or divine transport in mythology.

gave me no little satisfaction, I responded quickly, leaping entirely over the parked chariots on the far side of the incubator. As I returned, Lorquas Ptomel grunted something at me, and

1. A device used to maintain controlled conditions for the growth of eggs, infants, or microorganisms.
2. A program or organization supporting the development of new businesses or startups.

a halt he dismounted, threw down his spear and small arms, and came around the end of the incubator toward me, entirely unarmed and as naked as I, except for the ornaments strapped upon his head,

1. Barely; almost not at all.
2. Only just; by a very small margin.

of a size adapted to human beings such as I, whereas the great bulks of the Martians could scarcely have squeezed into the chairs, nor was there room beneath the desks for their long legs.

1. A procession of riders or carriages.
2. A series or sequence of events or things.

I could by the belts and straps which held the Martian’s weapons and ornaments. The entire cavalcade then turned and galloped away toward the range of hills in the distance.

1. A simultaneous discharge of missiles, such as bullets or arrows.
2. In sports, a hit or kick of the ball before it touches the ground.

most ineffectual, owing, as I afterward learned, to the unexpected suddenness of the first volley, which caught the ship’s crews entirely unprepared and the sighting apparatus of the guns

1. A sum of money demanded for the release of a captive.
2. The act of freeing someone in exchange for payment.

Sola. “She is very small and very beautiful; I had hoped that they would hold her for ransom.” Sarkoja and the other women grunted angrily at this evidence of weakness on the part of Sola.

1. Feelings or emotions, often about a particular subject.
2. Opinions or attitudes expressed in words.

It will not be well for you to permit Tars Tarkas to learn that you hold such degenerate sentiments, as I doubt that he would care to entrust such as you with the grave responsibilities of

1. Intense or aggressive in nature.
2. Violent or forceful in action.

his mouth to speak, a look almost of benignity, of kindliness, momentarily lighted up his fierce and terrible countenance. What words of moment were to have fallen from his lips were never

1. Long, pointed teeth extending outside the mouth of certain animals, like elephants or walruses.
2. Hard, elongated structures used for digging or defense in some species.

to that of a frog, except that the jaws were equipped with three rows of long, sharp tusks.

1. Dressed or clothed in a particular way.
2. Covered with a layer or coating.

These were of people like myself, and of a much lighter color than Dejah Thoris. They were clad in graceful, flowing robes, highly ornamented with metal and jewels, and their luxuriant hair was

1. A small, round mark or spot.
2. A unit of currency in various countries.

Dejah Thoris, but in my own Virginia a gentleman does not lie to save himself; I am not of Dor; I have never seen the mysterious Iss; the lost sea of Korus is still lost, so far as I am

1. A circular or spiral design, often used in Maori art.
2. The Maori word for a loop or coil.

languages differ. Only in the valley Dor, where the river Iss empties into the lost sea of Korus, is there supposed to be a different language spoken, and, except in the legends of our

1. Strange or unusual in a way that is surprising or noticeable.
2. Distinctive or unique to a particular person, place, or thing.

similar in all respects, but, as I learned later, bearing individual characteristics peculiar to themselves; precisely as no two of us are identical although we are all cast in a similar

1. The reflexive form of "we," referring to the speaker and others.
2. Used for emphasis to indicate "we" and no one else.

atavism started the cold sweat upon me. Far better that we save friendly bullets for ourselves at the last moment, as did those brave frontier women of my lost land, who took their own lives

1. Quiet or restrained in manner or behavior.
2. Reduced in intensity, force, or brightness.

which are known as thoats, are as dangerous and vicious as their masters, but when once subdued are sufficiently tractable for the purposes of the green Martians. Two of these animals had

1. Swiftness or speed in movement or action.
2. Rapid motion or progress.

The method was not at all complicated. If the thoats did not respond with sufficient celerity to the telepathic instructions of their riders they were dealt a terrific blow between the ears

1. Savage or violent people.
2. Unrefined or crude individuals.

with the butt of a pistol, and if they showed fight this treatment was continued until the brutes either were subdued, or had unseated their riders. In the latter case it became a life and death

1. Used to emphasize a statement or response.
2. Truly or certainly (often expressing agreement).

the drawer in which he had told me I would find my instructions. They were in part peculiar indeed, but I have followed them to each last detail as faithfully as I was able. He directed that I

1. A two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle used in ancient times for racing or warfare.
2. A light four-wheeled carriage with a back seat.

if it could be dignified by such a name, was over, and seeking out Sola I found her in our chariot with a hideous little creature held tightly in her arms. The work of rearing young, green

1. A journey or voyage for a specific purpose, such as exploration or research.
2. A group of people undertaking such a journey.

love the community life would have robbed us both of. She hoped, upon the return of the expedition from the incubator, to mix me with the other young assigned to the quarters of Tal Hajus, and

1. Relating to sexual or gender identities that are not heterosexual or cisgender.
2. Strange, odd, or unconventional.

quarters would have been suitable for housing the greatest of earthly emperors, but to these queer creatures nothing about a building appealed to them but its size and the enormity of its

1. A colorless, odorless, inert gas, the second lightest element (He).
2. Used in balloons, airships, and cryogenics due to its low density and boiling point.

asked Lorquas Ptomel, addressing the prisoner. “Dejah Thoris, daughter of Mors Kajak of Helium.” “And the nature of your expedition?” he continued. “It was a purely scientific research party

1. A long, narrow elevation of land.
2. The top edge of a roof where two slopes meet.

and we could see him shout a command to the warriors who had passed from our sight behind the ridge. He did not wait for them to join him, however, instead he wheeled his thoat and came tearing

1. A long, pointed tooth, often protruding from the mouth, found in animals like elephants or walruses.
2. A hard, ivory-like material from such teeth, used for carving or ornamentation.

horde. He was a huge fellow, terribly scarred about the face and chest, and with one broken tusk and a missing ear. Strapped on either breast were human skulls and depending from these a number

1. A state of deep unconsciousness lasting for a prolonged period.
2. Plural of "coma," a fuzzy, glowing area around a comet's nucleus.

weakling from whom even old Dak Kova could tear the metal with his bare hands!” Bar Comas eyed the defiant and insubordinate chieftain for an instant, his expression one of haughty,

1. A term for mail or postal service in South Asia.
2. Short for Dakota, referring to the U.S. state.

Warhoon were ruled by a real jeddak rather than by a water-hearted weakling from whom even old Dak Kova could tear the metal with his bare hands!” Bar Comas eyed the defiant and insubordinate

1. Shining brightly; reflecting light (e.g., a gleaming surface).
2. Appearing clean, polished, or radiant.

has rested upon. The building was low, but covered an enormous area. It was constructed of gleaming white marble inlaid with gold and brilliant stones which sparkled and scintillated in the

1. Bent forward and downward, as from fatigue or weakness.
2. Lowered oneself morally or in dignity.

must go swinging through the heavens peopled not even by memories. It is the end.” He stooped and kissed the women of his family, and laid his strong hand upon the shoulders of the men. As I

1. The act of confining someone in prison or jail.
2. The state of being imprisoned.

feast. For two days no food was brought me, but then a new messenger appeared and my incarceration went on as before, but not again did I allow my reason to be submerged by the horror of my

1. A deep, rough sound made by an animal, like a dog or bear.
2. A low, rumbling noise resembling an animal's growl.

like some huge phantasmagoria, except when the stillness was broken by the guttural growling of a goaded zitidar, or the squealing of fighting thoats. The green Martians converse but little,

1. Spoken very softly using one's breath without vocal cords.
2. Communicated in a quiet, secretive, or confidential manner.

behind those who regarded me was apparent from the fact that the leaders passed back whispered word to those behind them. Suddenly a low but distinct moaning sound issued from the recesses of

1. Relating to the supposed communication of thoughts or ideas without using known senses.
2. Involving or characterized by telepathy, the ability to perceive others' thoughts directly.

the heavier draft animals wore neither bit nor bridle, but were guided entirely by telepathic means. This power is wonderfully developed in all Martians, and accounts largely for the

1. Enough or more than enough in quantity (e.g., ample space).
2. Large in size, extent, or scope (e.g., ample proportions).

my inability to repay them for their kindness to me they assured me that I would have ample opportunity if I lived long upon Barsoom, and bidding me farewell they watched me until I was out

1. Long, pointed teeth, often found in carnivorous animals or vampires.
2. Hollow teeth through which venom is injected, as in snakes.

Without sound we lay there, the beast exerting every effort to reach me with those awful fangs, and I straining to maintain my grip and choke the life from it as I kept it from my throat.

1. A long passage in a building with doors leading to rooms on either side.
2. A narrow strip of land connecting two larger areas.

had none of my own. He promised to do so, and departed. Left alone, I ascended the winding corridor to the upper floors in search of suitable quarters. The beauties of the other buildings were

1. Lines or beams of light radiating from a source.
2. Marine fish with flat bodies and wing-like fins.

forth. These are then placed in the almost airtight incubators to be hatched by the sun’s rays after a period of another five years. The hatching which we had witnessed today was a fairly

1. A small piece or fragment of something.
2. A bite or mouthful of food.

day you shall know, John Carter, if we live; but I may not tell you. And I, the daughter of Mors Kajak, son of Tardos Mors, have listened without anger,” she soliloquized in conclusion. Then she

1. Drives or pushes something forward.
2. Causes movement or progress.

planets, and that it is the individual eighth ray of each planet which “reflects,” or propels the light thus obtained out into space once more. The solar eighth ray would be absorbed by the

1. A short form of "sabotage," meaning to deliberately destroy or damage something.
2. In some contexts, it can refer to a saboteur, a person who engages in sabotage.

of Tardos Mors, Jeddak of Helium, to discover the whereabouts of Dejah Thoris, our princess. Sab Than, prince of Zodanga, has her hidden in the city and has fallen madly in love with her. His

1. Decorative woven textiles with intricate designs, often hung on walls.
2. Heavy fabric artworks created by weaving colored threads on a loom.

to be a ground-glass false ceiling a few inches below. My guide drew aside one of the tapestries, disclosing a passage which encircled the room, between the hangings and the walls of the

1. Soldiers assigned to guard duties, often in a royal or ceremonial context.
2. Members of a military unit responsible for protecting a specific area or person.

butchered in the antechamber. In a moment the entire palace was alive with people. Guardsmen, officers, courtiers, servants, and slaves ran helter-skelter through the corridors and

1. Made something happen sooner or more quickly.
2. Rushed or hurried in action.

Bidding Dejah Thoris and Sola farewell, and commanding Woola to remain on guard, I hastened to the audience chamber, where I found Lorquas Ptomel and Tars Tarkas seated upon the rostrum.

1. A building or group of buildings used to house soldiers.
2. Temporary or basic housing for workers or other groups.

that I was nowhere to be found, either in the palace or at my former quarters in the barracks of the air-scout squadron. Kantos Kan, they had found and questioned, but he knew nothing of my

1. The lower edges of a roof that overhang the walls.
2. The part of a roof that projects beyond the side of a building.

then the hook caught and I was safe. Clambering quickly aloft I grasped the edge of the eaves and drew myself to the surface of the roof above. As I gained my feet I was confronted by the

1. A navigational instrument showing direction relative to Earth's magnetic poles.
2. A tool for drawing circles or arcs, with two arms connected at a hinge.

for finding it were slim. Helium lies a thousand miles southwest of Zodanga, and with my compass intact I should have made the trip, barring accidents, in between four and five hours. As it

1. To go somewhere with someone as a companion.
2. To play music supporting a singer or soloist.

her, other than to see that she reached the building in safety, but, directing Woola to accompany her, I turned disconsolately and entered my own house. I sat for hours cross-legged, and

1. Guards stationed to keep watch or control access.
2. Soldiers assigned to protect a specific area.

I had reached the palace with my fifty Tharks. Our plans worked to perfection. The two sentries we met were dispatched to their fathers upon the banks of the lost sea of Korus, and the guards

1. A passage between rows of seats in a building like a church or theater.
2. A walkway between shelves in a store or supermarket.

the little Martians scampered, wild as deer; being permitted to run the full length of the aisle, where they were captured one at a time by the women and older children; the last in the line

1. A bright red color with a slightly orange tinge.
2. A type of high-quality woolen cloth, often dyed red.

formation of Helium, another distinguishing feature is the two immense towers, one of vivid scarlet rising nearly a mile into the air from the center of one of the cities, while the other, of

1. To welcome someone with words or gestures.
2. To acknowledge someone's arrival or presence.

toward the chariots which bore my retinue and my belongings. A murmur of Martian applause greeted me, but I cared not for it. Bleeding and weak I reached my women, who, accustomed to such

1. Being with someone or something else, often for support or company.
2. Having additional elements or features present alongside the main item.

no particular desire to kill Lorquas Ptomel, and less to be a jed among the Tharks. I accompanied Sola and Dejah Thoris in a search for new quarters, which we found in a building nearer the

1. Began or started something.
2. Formally initiated an action or process.

may not even have had an egg in the incubator, as was the case with Sola, who had not commenced to lay, until less than a year before she became the mother of another woman’s offspring. But

1. Clothing items, especially those of a particular type or for a specific purpose.
2. Articles of dress or attire, such as shirts, dresses, or coats.

XXVIII At the Arizona Cave It was dark when I opened my eyes again. Strange, stiff garments were upon my body; garments that cracked and powdered away from me as I rose to a sitting

1. Illuminated by the light of the moon.
2. Describing a scene or atmosphere under moonlight.

wondrous enchantment. Few western wonders are more inspiring than the beauties of an Arizona moonlit landscape; the silvered mountains in the distance, the strange lights and shadows upon hog back

1. Gathered closely together in a group, often for warmth or comfort.
2. Crouched or curled up, usually due to cold, fear, or discomfort.

appeared to be a huge cave, toward the back of which I discovered a strange, still figure huddled over a tiny bench. As I approached it I saw that it was the dead and mummified remains of a

1. Preserved through natural or artificial means to prevent decay.
2. Dried or shriveled up, resembling a mummy.

still figure huddled over a tiny bench. As I approached it I saw that it was the dead and mummified remains of a little old woman with long black hair, and the thing it leaned over was a small

1. The internal framework of bones in vertebrates.
2. A supporting structure or framework of an object.

them stretched another to the dead hand of the little old woman; as I touched the cord the skeletons swung to the motion with a noise as of the rustling of dry leaves. It was a most grotesque and